WASHINGTON—Elon Musk gave new fuel to GOP critics of the Republicans’ multitrillion-dollar tax and spending agenda, saying that the current measure failed to reduce the federal deficit, echoing complaints from hard-line factions in both the House and the Senate.

The House-passed version of President Donald Trump’s “big, beautiful bill” could protect him and his administration from violations of court orders. The 1,000-page bill includes a provision to curb the power of federal judges to hold the Trump administration in contempt for violating court orders.

Elon Musk is leaving his government role as a top adviser to President Donald Trump after spearheading efforts to reduce and overhaul the federal bureaucracy.