Surface passivation plays a dual role of protecting copper (Cu) from getting oxidized and reducing the surface roughness of Cu thin film and thus enables low-temperature Cu-Cu bonding. In this paper, ...

This paper presents the first complete electromigration study (EM tests, failure analyses, statistical analyses with lifetime extrapolation) for direct copper bonding interconnects. This study reveals ...

The research team has identified atacamite as a material with magnetocaloric properties. Natural crystals have long ...

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Operando X-ray spectroscopy is a powerful tool for probing electrocatalyst dynamics—but intense X-ray exposure can distort ...

It's estimated it can take an AI model over 6,000 joules of energy to generate a single text response. By comparison, your ...