A technical paper titled “Training neural networks with end-to-end optical backpropagation” was published by researchers at University of Oxford and Lumai Ltd. “Optics is an exciting route for the ...

Obtaining the gradient of what's known as the loss function is an essential step to establish the backpropagation algorithm developed by University of Michigan researchers to train a material. The ...

This one is a bit more symbol heavy, and that's actually the point. The goal here is to represent in somewhat more formal terms the intuition for how backpropagation works in part 3 of the series, ...