Today, nanoparticles are being utilized in a wide variety of products and materials, such as clothing, coatings, fuel additives, antimicrobial bandages, biomedical elemental tags, sunscreen, MRI ...

The uptake of metals into individual cells is of importance to both environmental 1 and human health 2,3 studies, whether the metal is dissolved or exists as nanoparticles (NPs). Cellular metal ...

Chromium (Cr) species can occur in a number of oxidation states, but – Cr(III) and Cr(VI) – the trivalent and hexavalent oxidation states are the most common in the environment. The chemistry and ...

Arsenic (As) is a metallic element that occurs naturally in soil and ores in the environment. It can exist in both inorganic and organic forms, but inorganic arsenic, whether introduced ...

Contrary to their name, rare earth elements (REE) constitute a significant portion of the Earth's crust, where they exist dispersed among various minerals. The demand for REE has surged in recent ...